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classic world literature - Homer, Lev Tolstoy, Stanislaw Lem), thus, this is the degree of absolute precedent (universal precedent
phenomena). The second precedent group can include works of national literature, which are often systematically translated into
other languages (American works, which became known outside the United States, for example , detective and fiction literature of the
United States – John Grisham, Elmore Leonard, Michael Crichton, Stephen King, Frank Miller), thus, this is the full precedent (national
precedent phenomena). The third precedent group includes works of literature that have been updated due to adaptation (often
series editions: “Watch the movie – read the book”, “Actor’s book”, conditionally, it is rather a way to “read a film”), thus, this is the
reverse precedent. Finally, the fourth degree of precedent can include popular works of modern times, not yet time-proven, thus, this
is a potential precedent (along with the works of the third precedent degree realize the signs of social precedent phenomena). Let us
consider the film titles and their translations in a predetermined sequence.
Translations of first precedent degree titles coincide100-80 % with the title of the literary original, often the title coincides with the title
of the other adaptation. This group is characterised by multiple translations and adaptations. E.g., White Fang (Randal Kleiser, 1991) –
Baltais ilknis (Ltv. White Fang), Белый клык (Rus. White Fang) fully consistent with the translation of literary works Jack London White
Fang: Baltais ilknis (Ltv. White Fang), Белый клык (Rus. White Fang); Dracula (Francis Ford Coppola, 1992) – Drakula (Ltv. Dracula),
Дракула / Дракула Брэма Стокера (Rus. Dracula / Bram Stoker’s Dracula) – Bram Stoker Dracula: Drakula, Дракула. For this group is
characterized by multiple translations and adaptation. E.g., Лев Толстой Анна Каренина: Anna Karenina (Bernard Rose, 1997) – Anna
Kareņina, Анна Каренина and other adaptation: Anna Karenina (Clarence Brown, 1935), Anna Karenina (Julien Duvivier, 1948), Анна
Каренина (Александр Зархи, 1967), Anna Karenina (Simon Langton, 1985), Анна Каренина (Сергей Соловьев, 2008), Anna Karenina
(Joe Wright, 2012), Anna Karenina (1977) etc.
Other examples of the exact coincidence of film title, its translation and literature work and its translation: The Tempest (Julie Taymor,
2010) – Vētra (Ltv. Tempest), Буря (Rus. Tempest): William Shakespeare The Tempest; The Lost World (Bob Keen, 1998) – Zudusī
pasaule (Ltv. The Lost World), Затерянный мир (Rus. The Lost World): Conan Doyle The Lost World; Great Expectations (Alfonso
Cuarón, 1998) – Lielās cerības (Ltv. Great Expectations), Большие надежды (Rus. Great Expectations): Charles Dickens Great
Expectations; Journey to the Center of the Earth (Eric Brevig, 2008) – Ceļojums uz Zemes centru (Ltv. Journey to the Center of the
Earth), Путешествие к центру Земли (Rus. Journey to the Center of the Earth): Jules Verne Voyage au centre de la Terre; War of the
Worlds (Steven Spielberg, 2005) – Pasauļu karš (Ltv. War of the Worlds), Война миров (Rus. War of the Worlds): H. G. Wells The War
of the Worlds; Veronika Decides to Die (Emily Young, 2009) – Veronika grib mirt (Ltv. Veronica Wants to Die), Вероника решает умереть
(Rus. Veronika Decides to Die): Paulo Coelho Veronica Decide Morrer; Love in the Time of Cholera (Mike Newell, 2007) – Mīlestība
holeras laikos (Ltv. Love in the Time of Cholera), Любовь во время холеры (Rus. Love in the Time of Cholera): Gabriel García Márquez El
amor en los tiempos del cólera.
It is a curious case, where the film title corresponds to a known or a only known version (usually reduced to adaptation) of the title, e.g.,
a novel by Daniel Defoe is famous by a short title Robinson Crusoe, as his full name The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of
Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near
the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With
An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’d by Pyrates, cf. movie title’s translations Robinson Crusoe (Rod Hardy, George
Miller, 1997) – Robinsons Krūzo, Робинзон Крузо.
Other examples of the original title reduction: Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (known as
Alice in Wonderland) and tranlsated as Алиса в Стране чудес (Rus. Alice in Wonderland) and Алиса в Зазеркалье (Rus. Alice Through
the Looking Glass), Alises piedzīvojumi Brīnumzemē (Ltv. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland) and Alise Aizspogulijā (Ltv. Alice Through
the Looking Glass) and title of the movie Alice in Wonderland (Tim Burton, 2010) – Alise brīnumzemē (Ltv. Alice in Wonderland), Алиса
в стране чудес (Rys. Alice in Wonderland); Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels Among the Lilliputians and the Giants (the full name: Travels
into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships and
known as Gulliver’s Travels), translated as Gulivera ceļojumi (Ltv. Gulliver’s Travels), Путешествия Гулливера (Rus. Gulliver’s Travels),
and adaptation (like as another adaptations 1939, 1977 and so on) Gullivers Travels (Rob Letterman, 2010) – Gulivera ceļojumi (Ltv.
Gulliver’s Travels), Путешествия Гулливера (Rus. Gulliver’s Travels).
Changes associated with the deviation from the title of a literary work reflect aliterary work adaptation strategy, often retiming the action
to present days. E.g., translation into Russian Romeo + Juliet (Baz Luhrmann, 1996) – Romeo un Džuljeta (Ltv. Romeo and Juliet),
Ромео + Джульетта (Rus. Romeo + Juliet) unlike the translation of literary works: William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet: Romeo un
Dzuljeta (Ltv. Romeo and Juliet), Ромео и Джульетта (Rus. Romeo and Juliet). Alternatively, for example, a film based on the famous
work, in which a black woman goes in the Middle Ages: A Knight in Camelot (Roger Young, 1998) – Karaļa Artūra valstība (Ltv. King
Arthur’s realm), Рыцарь Камелота (Rus. A Knight in Camelot) and compare with original: Mark Twain A Connecticut Yankee in King
Arthur’s Court: Konektukutas jenkijs karaļa Artūra galmā (Ltv. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court), Янки из Коннектикута при
дворе короля Артура (Rus. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court). Sometimes, a change of temporal data is already made in the
original adaptation film title, e.g., Dracula 2000 (Patrick Lussier, 2000) – Drakula (Ltv. Dracula), Дракула (Rus. Dracula; version of the
name of the original film Wes Craven Presents: Dracula 2000 rarely used), based on Bram Stoker Dracula. Undergo changes and other
data, e.g., 30,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Gabriel Bologna, 2007) – 30000 jūdzes zem ūdens (Ltv. 30,000 Leagues Under the Sea),
Наутилус: Повелитель океана (Rus. Nautilus: Lord of the Ocean): Jules Verne Vingt mille lieues sous les mers and the translations of
the original work: 20 000 ljē pa jūras dzelmi (Ltv. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea), Двадцать тысяч лье под водой (Rus. 20,000 Leagues
Under the Sea); 10 Things I Hate About You (Gil Junger, 1999) – Spītnieces savaldīšana (Ltv. The Taming of the Shrew), 10 причин
моей ненависти (Rus. 10 Things I Hate): William Shakespeare The Taming of the Shrew and translations: Spītnieces savaldīšana (Ltv.
The Taming of the Shrew), Укрощение строптивой (Rus. The Taming of the Shrew).
Modification also involve other data: the second precedent degree titles, which include translations of film titles 80-70 % identical to
Translation Journal - July 2015 | 31
phenomena). The second precedent group can include works of national literature, which are often systematically translated into
other languages (American works, which became known outside the United States, for example , detective and fiction literature of the
United States – John Grisham, Elmore Leonard, Michael Crichton, Stephen King, Frank Miller), thus, this is the full precedent (national
precedent phenomena). The third precedent group includes works of literature that have been updated due to adaptation (often
series editions: “Watch the movie – read the book”, “Actor’s book”, conditionally, it is rather a way to “read a film”), thus, this is the
reverse precedent. Finally, the fourth degree of precedent can include popular works of modern times, not yet time-proven, thus, this
is a potential precedent (along with the works of the third precedent degree realize the signs of social precedent phenomena). Let us
consider the film titles and their translations in a predetermined sequence.
Translations of first precedent degree titles coincide100-80 % with the title of the literary original, often the title coincides with the title
of the other adaptation. This group is characterised by multiple translations and adaptations. E.g., White Fang (Randal Kleiser, 1991) –
Baltais ilknis (Ltv. White Fang), Белый клык (Rus. White Fang) fully consistent with the translation of literary works Jack London White
Fang: Baltais ilknis (Ltv. White Fang), Белый клык (Rus. White Fang); Dracula (Francis Ford Coppola, 1992) – Drakula (Ltv. Dracula),
Дракула / Дракула Брэма Стокера (Rus. Dracula / Bram Stoker’s Dracula) – Bram Stoker Dracula: Drakula, Дракула. For this group is
characterized by multiple translations and adaptation. E.g., Лев Толстой Анна Каренина: Anna Karenina (Bernard Rose, 1997) – Anna
Kareņina, Анна Каренина and other adaptation: Anna Karenina (Clarence Brown, 1935), Anna Karenina (Julien Duvivier, 1948), Анна
Каренина (Александр Зархи, 1967), Anna Karenina (Simon Langton, 1985), Анна Каренина (Сергей Соловьев, 2008), Anna Karenina
(Joe Wright, 2012), Anna Karenina (1977) etc.
Other examples of the exact coincidence of film title, its translation and literature work and its translation: The Tempest (Julie Taymor,
2010) – Vētra (Ltv. Tempest), Буря (Rus. Tempest): William Shakespeare The Tempest; The Lost World (Bob Keen, 1998) – Zudusī
pasaule (Ltv. The Lost World), Затерянный мир (Rus. The Lost World): Conan Doyle The Lost World; Great Expectations (Alfonso
Cuarón, 1998) – Lielās cerības (Ltv. Great Expectations), Большие надежды (Rus. Great Expectations): Charles Dickens Great
Expectations; Journey to the Center of the Earth (Eric Brevig, 2008) – Ceļojums uz Zemes centru (Ltv. Journey to the Center of the
Earth), Путешествие к центру Земли (Rus. Journey to the Center of the Earth): Jules Verne Voyage au centre de la Terre; War of the
Worlds (Steven Spielberg, 2005) – Pasauļu karš (Ltv. War of the Worlds), Война миров (Rus. War of the Worlds): H. G. Wells The War
of the Worlds; Veronika Decides to Die (Emily Young, 2009) – Veronika grib mirt (Ltv. Veronica Wants to Die), Вероника решает умереть
(Rus. Veronika Decides to Die): Paulo Coelho Veronica Decide Morrer; Love in the Time of Cholera (Mike Newell, 2007) – Mīlestība
holeras laikos (Ltv. Love in the Time of Cholera), Любовь во время холеры (Rus. Love in the Time of Cholera): Gabriel García Márquez El
amor en los tiempos del cólera.
It is a curious case, where the film title corresponds to a known or a only known version (usually reduced to adaptation) of the title, e.g.,
a novel by Daniel Defoe is famous by a short title Robinson Crusoe, as his full name The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of
Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near
the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With
An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver’d by Pyrates, cf. movie title’s translations Robinson Crusoe (Rod Hardy, George
Miller, 1997) – Robinsons Krūzo, Робинзон Крузо.
Other examples of the original title reduction: Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (known as
Alice in Wonderland) and tranlsated as Алиса в Стране чудес (Rus. Alice in Wonderland) and Алиса в Зазеркалье (Rus. Alice Through
the Looking Glass), Alises piedzīvojumi Brīnumzemē (Ltv. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland) and Alise Aizspogulijā (Ltv. Alice Through
the Looking Glass) and title of the movie Alice in Wonderland (Tim Burton, 2010) – Alise brīnumzemē (Ltv. Alice in Wonderland), Алиса
в стране чудес (Rys. Alice in Wonderland); Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels Among the Lilliputians and the Giants (the full name: Travels
into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships and
known as Gulliver’s Travels), translated as Gulivera ceļojumi (Ltv. Gulliver’s Travels), Путешествия Гулливера (Rus. Gulliver’s Travels),
and adaptation (like as another adaptations 1939, 1977 and so on) Gullivers Travels (Rob Letterman, 2010) – Gulivera ceļojumi (Ltv.
Gulliver’s Travels), Путешествия Гулливера (Rus. Gulliver’s Travels).
Changes associated with the deviation from the title of a literary work reflect aliterary work adaptation strategy, often retiming the action
to present days. E.g., translation into Russian Romeo + Juliet (Baz Luhrmann, 1996) – Romeo un Džuljeta (Ltv. Romeo and Juliet),
Ромео + Джульетта (Rus. Romeo + Juliet) unlike the translation of literary works: William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet: Romeo un
Dzuljeta (Ltv. Romeo and Juliet), Ромео и Джульетта (Rus. Romeo and Juliet). Alternatively, for example, a film based on the famous
work, in which a black woman goes in the Middle Ages: A Knight in Camelot (Roger Young, 1998) – Karaļa Artūra valstība (Ltv. King
Arthur’s realm), Рыцарь Камелота (Rus. A Knight in Camelot) and compare with original: Mark Twain A Connecticut Yankee in King
Arthur’s Court: Konektukutas jenkijs karaļa Artūra galmā (Ltv. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court), Янки из Коннектикута при
дворе короля Артура (Rus. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court). Sometimes, a change of temporal data is already made in the
original adaptation film title, e.g., Dracula 2000 (Patrick Lussier, 2000) – Drakula (Ltv. Dracula), Дракула (Rus. Dracula; version of the
name of the original film Wes Craven Presents: Dracula 2000 rarely used), based on Bram Stoker Dracula. Undergo changes and other
data, e.g., 30,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Gabriel Bologna, 2007) – 30000 jūdzes zem ūdens (Ltv. 30,000 Leagues Under the Sea),
Наутилус: Повелитель океана (Rus. Nautilus: Lord of the Ocean): Jules Verne Vingt mille lieues sous les mers and the translations of
the original work: 20 000 ljē pa jūras dzelmi (Ltv. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea), Двадцать тысяч лье под водой (Rus. 20,000 Leagues
Under the Sea); 10 Things I Hate About You (Gil Junger, 1999) – Spītnieces savaldīšana (Ltv. The Taming of the Shrew), 10 причин
моей ненависти (Rus. 10 Things I Hate): William Shakespeare The Taming of the Shrew and translations: Spītnieces savaldīšana (Ltv.
The Taming of the Shrew), Укрощение строптивой (Rus. The Taming of the Shrew).
Modification also involve other data: the second precedent degree titles, which include translations of film titles 80-70 % identical to
Translation Journal - July 2015 | 31
